Certified Information Privacy Manager (CIPM) Practice Exam

The EU Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC) was replaced by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR, which came into effect on May 25, 2018, enhances and harmonizes data protection laws across all EU member states, providing individuals with greater control over their personal data and imposing stricter obligations on organizations that process such data.

The transition from the Directive to the GDPR marks a significant shift in the approach to data protection in Europe. While the Directive provided a framework for data protection, the GDPR establishes more comprehensive regulations, including increased financial penalties for non-compliance and stricter rules regarding consent, data subject rights, and the obligations of data processors and controllers. This shift reflects the need for a more robust and uniform approach to data protection that responds to advancements in technology and the increasing importance of personal data in the digital economy.

The other options refer to different legal frameworks and regulations that are not directly related to the EU's data protection laws. For example, Privacy Shield was an arrangement for data transfer between the EU and the U.S. that was developed after the Directive, while HIPAA and FERPA are U.S. laws focused on health information and education records, respectively. These frameworks operate in distinct contexts and